Earthquakes Earthquakes are one of the deadliest disasters on the face of the earth. They cause thousands of deaths every year and cannot be prevented, only prepared for.
What causes earthquakes? Earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates. As tectonic plates move around rock layers are ripped apart or pushed together. Rock layers are very brittle and with enough force the rock will break, slip, shift or slide.
During an earthquake During earthquakes there are 3 main wave’s primary, secondary and surface waves. They are all extremely dangerous. Primary waves are the fastest travelling waves. The average primary wave is 8 kilometres per second, they push and pull rock layers around. Secondary waves move slower than primary waves. The average speed of a secondary wave is 4.5 kilometres per second. They also push and pull rock layers around. Surface waves only occur on the surface of the earth. These are the slowest travelling waves, and the average speed is 1.5 kilometres per second. They cause lots of damage.
After shocks After shocks are smaller quakes that usually occur after an earthquake. After shocks causes a lot of damage to buildings, pipes and roads. After earthquakes it is important to get to open ground so that aftershocks won’t kill you.
Preparing for earthquakes Earthquakes are unpredictable you can never really be shore when it will happen.
You and your family should create a action plan so when a earthquake happens you will know what to do.
You should turn off all your electrical appliances when you’re not using them so if there’s an earthquake your house won’t catch fire
It is very important to practice your plan each month, so if there’s an earthquake you will know what to do.
Building for earthquake safety After earthquakes engineer study which building has been destroy the most and which building hasn’t been destroyed. When they get the information they send to architects, then they use the information to design safer buildings. It is important to make a safer building so they will be fewer deaths.
Steps to making a safe building Step 1 Deep, solid foundation Step 2 Strong, but flexible steel frames Step 3 A low centre of gravity. Step 4 A flexible upper floors that allows building to sway with the tremors Project Pasta
ball
Marbles
“Sudden Impact” Design folio booklet Design brief You are to design and produce, for example, clothes and buildings, to take into account extreme conditions such as fire, cyclones and earthquakes. OR You are to design and produce equipment/food that would assist people in the aftermath of a natural disaster.
DESIGNING Designing options Use the next three pages to develop three designs for your ideas. Remember your designs must include at least two materials and at least two different joining methods. Label each design to show: • the different parts of the design • how the parts will be joined • how it will be used (use arrows to show the important information) • the materials. Design idea 1
Design idea 2 Selecting and justifying the best design Which design have you chosen? (Write the number.) Why did you choose this design? Listing the materials In the boxes below list the materials you chose and why you chose them. Remember that you must use at least two materials. Don’t forget to list joining materials (glues etc) too.
Write one material in each box.
Why did you choose this material?
Hot glue.
Because this is a strong material for sticking the pasta together.
Pasta.
It is rigid and slightly bendy.
Developing a planWrite a step-by-step plan of how you will make your design including the tools and equipment that you will use.Remember that you need to use at least two joining methods and materials use levers.
Write the steps here.
In this column list the tools and equipment you will use.
Step 1
First cut out a square piece of cardboard.
Cardboard and scissors.
Step 2
Put 8 split pins close to the corners of the cardboard in pairs.
Split pins
Step 3
With newspaper, from the corners, roll it up as tight as possible, and then wind a piece of sticky tape around it. Then cut the newspaper roll into the same length as a pasta stick.
Newspaper, sticky tape
Step 4
Place a stick of pasta between each pair of split pins, then place newspaper roll on top of it.
Newspaper roll, 4 pasta sticks.
Step 5
Still holding the pasta, with the hot glue gun, squirt hot glue around the base of the pasta and newspaper, hold the pasta until the glue is dry and the pasta stays in place.
Hot glue gun, glue stick inserted into gun.
Step 6
Step 7
Developing a plan (continued)
Step 8
Step 9
Step 10
Recording progress and modifications On this and the next page, list the changes you made to your designs and the design, and explain why they were made. You don’t have to fill in every box. Just use as many as you need.
Changes made to your drawings/designs
Changes made to your design
Date: Change/s made: Reasons for changes made:
Date: Change/s made: Reasons for changes made:
Date: Change/s made: Reasons for changes made:
Date: Change/s made: Reasons for changes made:
Recording progress and modifications (continued)
Changes made to your drawings/designs
Changes made to your design
Date: Change/s made: Reasons for changes made:
Date: Change/s made: Reasons for changes made:
Date: Change/s made: Reasons for changes made:
Date: Change/s made: Reasons for changes made:
Testing and evaluating the design Draw your finished design on this page.
Testing and evaluating the design (continued) Compare the drawing of your finished design with your first drawing. List the things that are different and say why you made changes.
List the things that are different.
Do you think the changes you made to your design made it better? Why?
Look back at the materials you said you would use. Did you use the same materials? Why/why not?
Testing and evaluating the design (continued) Do you think the materials you used were good materials to use? Why/why not? Are there changes you could now make to your design that would make it better?
SUDDEN IMPACT
by Beam, Zac, Syan and Aaron
Earthquakes
Earthquakes are one of the deadliest disasters on the face of the earth. They cause thousands of deaths every year and cannot be prevented, only prepared for.
What causes earthquakes?
Earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates. As tectonic plates move around rock layers are ripped apart or pushed together. Rock layers are very brittle and with enough force the rock will break, slip, shift or slide.
During an earthquake
During earthquakes there are 3 main wave’s primary, secondary and surface waves. They are all extremely dangerous. Primary waves are the fastest travelling waves. The average primary wave is 8 kilometres per second, they push and pull rock layers around. Secondary waves move slower than primary waves. The average speed of a secondary wave is 4.5 kilometres per second. They also push and pull rock layers around. Surface waves only occur on the surface of the earth. These are the slowest travelling waves, and the average speed is 1.5 kilometres per second. They cause lots of damage.
After shocks
After shocks are smaller quakes that usually occur after an earthquake. After shocks causes a lot of damage to buildings, pipes and roads. After earthquakes it is important to get to open ground so that aftershocks won’t kill you.
Preparing for earthquakes
Earthquakes are unpredictable you can never really be shore when it will happen.
Building for earthquake safety
After earthquakes engineer study which building has been destroy the most and which building hasn’t been destroyed.
When they get the information they send to architects, then they use the information to design safer buildings. It is important to make a safer building so they will be fewer deaths.
Steps to making a safe building
Step 1 Deep, solid foundation
Step 2 Strong, but flexible steel frames
Step 3 A low centre of gravity.
Step 4 A flexible upper floors that allows building to sway with the tremors
Project Pasta
ball
Marbles
“Sudden Impact” Design folio booklet
Design brief
You are to design and produce, for example, clothes and buildings, to take into account extreme conditions such as fire, cyclones and earthquakes.
OR
You are to design and produce equipment/food that would assist people in the aftermath of a natural disaster.
DESIGNING
Designing options
Use the next three pages to develop three designs for your ideas. Remember your designs must include at least two materials and at least two different joining methods. Label each design to show:
• the different parts of the design
• how the parts will be joined
• how it will be used (use arrows to show the important information)
• the materials.
Design idea 1
Design idea 2
Selecting and justifying the best design
Which design have you chosen? (Write the number.) Why did you choose this design?
Listing the materials
In the boxes below list the materials you chose and why you chose them. Remember that you must use at least two materials. Don’t forget to list joining materials (glues etc) too.
Developing a plan (continued)
Recording progress and modifications
On this and the next page, list the changes you made to your designs and the design, and explain why they were made. You don’t have to fill in every box. Just use as many as you need.
Change/s made:
Reasons for changes made:
Change/s made:
Reasons for changes made:
Change/s made:
Reasons for changes made:
Change/s made:
Reasons for changes made:
Recording progress and modifications (continued)
Change/s made:
Reasons for changes made:
Change/s made:
Reasons for changes made:
Change/s made:
Reasons for changes made:
Change/s made:
Reasons for changes made:
Testing and evaluating the design
Draw your finished design on this page.
Testing and evaluating the design (continued)
Compare the drawing of your finished design with your first drawing. List the things that are different and say why you made changes.
Testing and evaluating the design (continued)
Do you think the materials you used were good materials to use? Why/why not?
Are there changes you could now make to your design that would make it better?